What?
Today we discussed Cognitivism, and the different components of memory and the brain.
The cognitive definition of learning consists of a (supposedly) semi-permanent change in mental processes. Those who believe in Cognitivism believe that learning is due to experience, but that the learner does not simply absorb information from their environment. The learner is required to construct what knowledge they gain through experience and prior beliefs and knowledge.
The pathway of memory processing in the brain is complex. The following is a list in order of process and a brief explanation of what each part of the brain does in memory processing.
1. Reticular Activating System
-determines what we are paying attention to, or what is worth paying attention to. Sends
information to the Thalamus.
2. Thalamus
-sorts information into types, then sends it out to the corresponding lobes of the cerebral
cortex.
3. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
-lobes decide if information is important or relevant for memory. Info sent back to
hippocampus.
4. Hippocampus
-encoding takes place, the information is prepared to be stored, and then is sent back out to
the cerebral cortex for storage.
4 (a) Amygdala
-information may alternatively be sent to this part of the brain for an emotional response
before storage takes place.
5. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
-lobes then decide where to store information that has been re-processed by the
hippocampus.
So What?
The students we encounter in our teaching experiences will all come from extremely different backgrounds, and will all have different previous knowledge and experiences. Because of this, our students will be interpreting everything we teach them differently. Each student will grasp onto different areas of the content, and will interpret this information based on their previous knowledge.
Also, if we do not teach our students well enough how to study or correctly remember the content we are teaching, they will lose the ability to recall the information. They may also lose (or never gain) the understanding of how our content area is important to them in their everyday lives.
Now What?
As an educator, I have a responsibility to help my students grasp the material in a correct way, as well as to create understanding for real-life application.
I will be much more successful accomplishing this if I avoid teaching them encoding techniques of simply rehearsal encoding. The following encoding techniques are much more successful in helping students remember and understand the content we are teaching:
1. Meaningful Learning - we can help students connect what they are learning with proper prior knowledge.
2. Organization - in addition to helping our students organize the information, I can also better organize the content down using chunking, into more processable pieces.
3. Elaboration - I can encourage the students through projects and discussion to take the concepts one step further into what they surmise the concepts mean to them.
4. Visual Imagery - providing students with a visual image that they are able to recall back to in connection with the content being taught.
5. Enactment - actually acting out content in order to better help them remember.
6. Mnemonics - where applicable, using a mnemonic to help them remember facts that otherwise seem random or too long to remember, in-list.
Using the previous techniques will make me a more effective teacher, who will have a greater impact on the lives of students. Teaching students is about so much more than their test score (no matter what the government says), and I believe helping students not only remember, but to understand the content is what is really important.
Tuesday, February 24, 2009
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
Learning Log: Social & Moral Development
What?
Factors that affect social and moral development include: Previous performance, self-efficacy, behavior of others, comparison, expectations, or group membership.
Children develop from concrete thought to abstract thought. In childhood, perceptions of self are concrete and optimistic.
In early adolescence, students see themselves as in front of the 'imaginary audience'. They believe that everyone is constantly watching their every mistake and blunder. They also view themselves as invincible. They truly believe that every experience and emotion they have is completely unique to only them in the whole history of the entire world.
In late adolescence, their general sense of identity is integrated by a multifaceted sense of self.
Erik Erikson was a famous researcher who developed a widely accepted theory on the Stages of Psychosocial Development. His stages include:
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2.Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Integrity vs. Despair
(I will add that I did those from memory using the peg mnemonic ;)
Moral development is also integral to the education system. There are differences between moral transgressions and conventional transgressions. We as educators can most definitely teach moral transgressions, as they are accepted by all people (generally), such as 'do not kill' etc.
Kohlberg's theory of Moral Reasoning is:
Preconventional Reasoning:
1. Punishment avoidance/obedience
2.Individualism/exchange of favors
Conventional Reasoning
3. Good boy/good girl
4. Law & order
PostConventional Reasoning:
5. Social contract
6.Universal ethical principle.
So What?
As educators, we are going to see students in all sorts of stages of psychosocial development and moral reasoning. We need to be able to adjust our teaching and approach in order to be able to better serve thos students. We cannot just simply ignore where each student is, what situation they have come from, or what effects may be left over from a difficult past. We should be able to work with them in hopes of advancing them toward higher psychosocial and moral development. We as educators must be aware of what stages are present in our classroom.
Now What?
As I prepare to become an educator in a high school setting someday, it is important for me to understand where my students are coming from. If I can learn to observe and learn more about their learning through what stage they are in, I can better serve them as their teacher.
In my classroom, I plan on having a one-on-one discussion with each student at least once a term. This setting will allow me to personally interact with my students, see how they are progressing, assess what stage of development they may be in, and talk to them about their personal performance and grades. I believe implementing a caring atmosphere in these settings will allow me to further understand where each student is coming from.
The things I can do in my own classroom to better foster development include: A safe environment where students can speak their mind. An environment where each student feels empowered and able to act. A classroom where the students have choices about their education. A class where praise is givin liberally for achievements, no matter how small. A classroom that allows them to interact with peers that they normally would not talk to, and explore their own role in society, and a classroom that encourages them to set goals for their futures.
Factors that affect social and moral development include: Previous performance, self-efficacy, behavior of others, comparison, expectations, or group membership.
Children develop from concrete thought to abstract thought. In childhood, perceptions of self are concrete and optimistic.
In early adolescence, students see themselves as in front of the 'imaginary audience'. They believe that everyone is constantly watching their every mistake and blunder. They also view themselves as invincible. They truly believe that every experience and emotion they have is completely unique to only them in the whole history of the entire world.
In late adolescence, their general sense of identity is integrated by a multifaceted sense of self.
Erik Erikson was a famous researcher who developed a widely accepted theory on the Stages of Psychosocial Development. His stages include:
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2.Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Integrity vs. Despair
(I will add that I did those from memory using the peg mnemonic ;)
Moral development is also integral to the education system. There are differences between moral transgressions and conventional transgressions. We as educators can most definitely teach moral transgressions, as they are accepted by all people (generally), such as 'do not kill' etc.
Kohlberg's theory of Moral Reasoning is:
Preconventional Reasoning:
1. Punishment avoidance/obedience
2.Individualism/exchange of favors
Conventional Reasoning
3. Good boy/good girl
4. Law & order
PostConventional Reasoning:
5. Social contract
6.Universal ethical principle.
So What?
As educators, we are going to see students in all sorts of stages of psychosocial development and moral reasoning. We need to be able to adjust our teaching and approach in order to be able to better serve thos students. We cannot just simply ignore where each student is, what situation they have come from, or what effects may be left over from a difficult past. We should be able to work with them in hopes of advancing them toward higher psychosocial and moral development. We as educators must be aware of what stages are present in our classroom.
Now What?
As I prepare to become an educator in a high school setting someday, it is important for me to understand where my students are coming from. If I can learn to observe and learn more about their learning through what stage they are in, I can better serve them as their teacher.
In my classroom, I plan on having a one-on-one discussion with each student at least once a term. This setting will allow me to personally interact with my students, see how they are progressing, assess what stage of development they may be in, and talk to them about their personal performance and grades. I believe implementing a caring atmosphere in these settings will allow me to further understand where each student is coming from.
The things I can do in my own classroom to better foster development include: A safe environment where students can speak their mind. An environment where each student feels empowered and able to act. A classroom where the students have choices about their education. A class where praise is givin liberally for achievements, no matter how small. A classroom that allows them to interact with peers that they normally would not talk to, and explore their own role in society, and a classroom that encourages them to set goals for their futures.
Tuesday, February 3, 2009
Learning Log: Cognitive Development
What?
Physical development is primary to cognitive development. Children's brain increase in gray matter mass as they learn, and then decreases as they begin to prune neurons. Children of exceptional intelligence develop the mass of their gray matter more slowly, and then prune more extensively.
The environment and how a child interacts with their environment is key in brain development and learning. Jean Piaget was very interested in child/environment interaction.
Piaget's stages of development are:
1.Sensorimotor State (ages 0-2)
2. Preoperational (2-7)
3. Concrete Operational (7-11)
4. Formal Operational (12+)
Although Piaget was pretty accurate about the order of development, he was not correct on the ages. Children of many different ages may vary in which stage they are currently in, and of course what they are developmentally capable of.
Piaget's schema is a way of thinking, ideas, thoughts, concepts, or categories that we store information in our brains. This is personalized by how each of us think differently.
Vygotsky's theories on cognitive development vary from piaget's. He characterizes the adult-child relationship to be integral to cognitive development. He places great value on cognitive apprenticeship, where an adult is assisting an child to think like an adult.
Vygotsky also believes that no knowledge is original or produced soley in our minds, but is generated through our environment and experiences we have outside of ourselves.
So What?
Understanding how children's brains develop allows us to tailor how we teach them. If we understand what stages they are in and how capable they are of certain thought processes, we will be able to understand why some things frustrate them or make them lose interest. These kind of behaviors may occur simply because they are not developmentally even capable of correctly processing certain types of information or thought processes.
It also shows us how important it is to allow many different levels of experiences for students, knowing that they will not all be in the same level of cognitive development. Providing a variety of different levels increases your realm of effectiveness.
Now What?
Now that I better understand how much of this affects my future teaching, it makes me realize how important it is to not just lecture all of the time. I have always connected well with predictability, and have done well in classes that consistantly lecture where I can take notes. However, I understand that the majority of my students will not be that way. They will need a variety of activities using different thought processes in order to absorb the information effectively. I do believe that as as high school teacher, I do need to help prepare my students for the college environment, and so I do plan in integrating a college-like structure to my classroom. However, I do see through the lens of Piaget and Vygotsky, it is important to also stretch their minds and make more connections through disequilibrium.
Physical development is primary to cognitive development. Children's brain increase in gray matter mass as they learn, and then decreases as they begin to prune neurons. Children of exceptional intelligence develop the mass of their gray matter more slowly, and then prune more extensively.
The environment and how a child interacts with their environment is key in brain development and learning. Jean Piaget was very interested in child/environment interaction.
Piaget's stages of development are:
1.Sensorimotor State (ages 0-2)
2. Preoperational (2-7)
3. Concrete Operational (7-11)
4. Formal Operational (12+)
Although Piaget was pretty accurate about the order of development, he was not correct on the ages. Children of many different ages may vary in which stage they are currently in, and of course what they are developmentally capable of.
Piaget's schema is a way of thinking, ideas, thoughts, concepts, or categories that we store information in our brains. This is personalized by how each of us think differently.
Vygotsky's theories on cognitive development vary from piaget's. He characterizes the adult-child relationship to be integral to cognitive development. He places great value on cognitive apprenticeship, where an adult is assisting an child to think like an adult.
Vygotsky also believes that no knowledge is original or produced soley in our minds, but is generated through our environment and experiences we have outside of ourselves.
So What?
Understanding how children's brains develop allows us to tailor how we teach them. If we understand what stages they are in and how capable they are of certain thought processes, we will be able to understand why some things frustrate them or make them lose interest. These kind of behaviors may occur simply because they are not developmentally even capable of correctly processing certain types of information or thought processes.
It also shows us how important it is to allow many different levels of experiences for students, knowing that they will not all be in the same level of cognitive development. Providing a variety of different levels increases your realm of effectiveness.
Now What?
Now that I better understand how much of this affects my future teaching, it makes me realize how important it is to not just lecture all of the time. I have always connected well with predictability, and have done well in classes that consistantly lecture where I can take notes. However, I understand that the majority of my students will not be that way. They will need a variety of activities using different thought processes in order to absorb the information effectively. I do believe that as as high school teacher, I do need to help prepare my students for the college environment, and so I do plan in integrating a college-like structure to my classroom. However, I do see through the lens of Piaget and Vygotsky, it is important to also stretch their minds and make more connections through disequilibrium.
Tuesday, January 27, 2009
January 27th Learning Log
What?
Today we discussed the importance of RAD teaching. RAD is an acronym that stands for:
R: Reticular Activating System (Fight or Flight System)
A: Amydala (Emotional Center)
D: Dopamine (Feel-good neurotransmitter)
RAD teaching is important to increase knowledge retention. If implemented correctly, it creates an environment where the student can feel comfortable, predict what is coming, and at the same time have fun, spontaneous learning experiences.
Strategies that may be used to further incorporate RAD learning into the classroom would be: Novelty, fun, prediction, color, music, peer interaction, physical activity, cues, stimulation of prior knowledge and/or interest, attentive focus.
We also discussed the importance of exercise in brain function. Dr. John Ratey, a noted scientist of the brain, has proven the connection between improved brain functioning and exercise. Involving exercise into the curriculum if possible can dramatically increase classroom performance.
So What?
The things covered in class today are very important to education. Implementing current research regarding better knowledge retention not only improves the student's educational experience and comfort, but also helps them prepare for their future career paths, whether it be through college or not. As a student myself now, I can even implement these things in my life today to better improve my education experience.
Now What?
Learning how to implement these strategies now in my own life will help me better understand how to implement them in my future classroom. Upon contemplation of my primary content area (health), I can see how implementing exercise as part of the curriculum would be really quite simple. Not only would it help teach my students in a hands-on way, but it would also improve their brain functioning. In a way, I would really be doing their other teachers a favor! I do indeed plan to implement both RAD learning and exercise into my future classrooms.
Today we discussed the importance of RAD teaching. RAD is an acronym that stands for:
R: Reticular Activating System (Fight or Flight System)
A: Amydala (Emotional Center)
D: Dopamine (Feel-good neurotransmitter)
RAD teaching is important to increase knowledge retention. If implemented correctly, it creates an environment where the student can feel comfortable, predict what is coming, and at the same time have fun, spontaneous learning experiences.
Strategies that may be used to further incorporate RAD learning into the classroom would be: Novelty, fun, prediction, color, music, peer interaction, physical activity, cues, stimulation of prior knowledge and/or interest, attentive focus.
We also discussed the importance of exercise in brain function. Dr. John Ratey, a noted scientist of the brain, has proven the connection between improved brain functioning and exercise. Involving exercise into the curriculum if possible can dramatically increase classroom performance.
So What?
The things covered in class today are very important to education. Implementing current research regarding better knowledge retention not only improves the student's educational experience and comfort, but also helps them prepare for their future career paths, whether it be through college or not. As a student myself now, I can even implement these things in my life today to better improve my education experience.
Now What?
Learning how to implement these strategies now in my own life will help me better understand how to implement them in my future classroom. Upon contemplation of my primary content area (health), I can see how implementing exercise as part of the curriculum would be really quite simple. Not only would it help teach my students in a hands-on way, but it would also improve their brain functioning. In a way, I would really be doing their other teachers a favor! I do indeed plan to implement both RAD learning and exercise into my future classrooms.
Monday, January 26, 2009
WebQuest Reflection
What?
The four types of educational research & their definitions include:
- Descriptive Study: Informative assessment of current situations. This type of study reflects current information about events, frequency, people, etc.
- Correlational Study: Investigates the relationship between two variables and the effect they have on each other.
- Experimental Study: The manipulation of variables, including an experimental group and a control (constant) group. Experiments are used to measure changes observed based on the variable that was changed.
- Action Research: Research conducted by teachers, administration, or other school personnel to assess current issues or situations occurring in the areas of their jurisdiction.
Each type of research is important and applicable in its own way. Each situation where research is conducted should be examined to determine what type of research is appropriate.
So What?
I have learned that educational research is extremely important in order to understand what works and what doesn't work in education. Each type is important in the appropriate situations. Descriptive studies are useful in determining the actual specifics of situations. They should take on an unbiased view of a situation, and allow you to see a situation through a different lens. Correlational studies are important in order to determine how two attributes or characteristics influence each other. Experimental studies allow you to try out how changes may affect the situation you are in (i.e. how altering your teaching can affect your student's grades). Action research gives you the power as a teacher to conduct research in your own school or classroom. This gives you data applicable to your situation specifically, and it doesn't have to be generalizable to other teachers' situations if you do not want it to be.
Now What?
There is still a lot I do not know about educational research. I would like to learn more about how I can apply large educational research to my own classroom and use it to benefit my students. I would also like to learn more about how to conduct my own action research as a teacher. Doing so would help me be a better educator because I would be able to evaluate the effectiveness of my teaching. Learning to do my own correlational studies would also be beneficial, especially if I have behavioral issues in my classroom, to see which behaviors perpetuate other behaviors.
If I apply educational research to my future classroom, I will be able to better serve my students through effective teaching. Applying behavioral and learning studies will help me understand how best my students can retain information and behave well in the classroom. I can also perform research on myself in order evaluate how I am performing as a teacher.
Brain Learning Log
What?
There are 12 different areas of the brain that we covered in class. Each has a very specific responsibility in maintaining normal function. Any trauma or disease to any area of the brain can severely or only partially change function. The different areas of the brain are interdependent on one another. When it is said that a specific area of the brain controls certain types of brain activity, it is actually only the most centralized part of the brain for that specific activity. In reality there is activity in all areas of the brain to some degree in almost any task. The portion of the brain I was personally asked to share was Broca's Area. Broca's area is responsible for language and music production. It was named after a doctor/scientist in the mid-1800's named Pierre Paul Broca. Aphasia caused by disruption of this area usually only effects the patient in being able to say what they want to say. They can effectively think complete thoughts, it is just a matter of speaking or producing them. This is in contrast to regular aphasia, which usually causes problems with writing, reading, speaking, and listening. This is usually sustained traumatically, while disruption of Broca's area can be cause by both disease and trauma.
So What?
The information we learned about the brain is important for educators to understand. Students we encounter may have issues with certain areas of their brain, and if we as teachers have a greater knowledge of how the brain functions, we will be able to better serve them and provide a quality education for them.
Now What?
It is valuable for me to know about the brain as a future educator so that I can vary my teaching in order to build the most connections within the brain for knowledge retention. If I teach strictly by memorization, my students will not be able to retain the knowledge as well. We must build experiences for our students in order to build the most neural connections within their brains. This may be challenging for me, considering I am teaching Health, Anatomy, and Biology. All of these subjects are very fact-memorization based. I will have to come up with varied ways in order to teach my students to retain the information, rather than just regurgitate it, and then forget it.
Ed Psych Hidden Assignment
The goals I have for this course are:
- To gain a greater understanding of how the teenage mind works
- How to most effectively teach my students, based on their level of mental development
- To learn the most beneficial teaching strategies for my students in my area of content.
Weekly Preparation Plan:
My weekly preparation plan will begin each week on Monday night. I will double check that I have done all of the previous weeks homework & reading, and that it is ready for class on Tuesday Morning. Tuesday I will be sure to write down all of the tasks I need to complete for the coming week. Before Sunday, I will have done my best to complete the homework for the following Tuesday, leaving the next two days to catch mistakes I might have made or assignments I may have forgotten.
Study Strategies:
The study strategies that I will use to understand the content of this class include reading the materials as asked, summarizing what I have read, double checking my knowledge and understanding of key terms, and then creation of a study guide to help me remember and be able to refer back to during study. I usually create a study guide on my own in other classes, but seeing as it is part of the coursework of this class, it will coincide will with my usual study habits.
Question Process:
The process I will follow if I do not understand will be as such:
- Refer to the book and course materials
- Ask a fellow classmate to see if they caught the answer to the question
- Ask the professor for clarification.
I will reach my goals for this course by diligently attending to my assignments, turning them in on time, and doing my best to comprehend the material.
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